J.Fanon: It is always difficult to say what an individual like Fanon would have done if he had not died when he did. she has decided: since her visit to Frantz's grave; she is determined. He was in medical school; I was in liberal arts. Josie took her own life in Algiers in 1989. so she willingly went to the hospital. the beginning of autumn 1961 Frantz Fanon, a West Indian psychiatrist who has pulled a chair over. J.Fanon: All that has happened inAfrica since independence in 1960-62 demonstrates the accuracy of Fanon’s points of view. The Interview with Frantz Fanon’s Widow Josie Fanon by Christian Filostrat After six years of revolutionary activities in Africa, Frantz Fanon arrived in New Yorkin early October 1961, suffering from an advanced case of leukemia. He was a man very much opened to reality. nurse waited for her on Sunday. it, every morning to listen to the sounds of neighboring families rising from After six years of revolutionary activities in Africa, Frantz Fanon arrived in New Yorkin early October 1961, suffering from an advanced case of leukemia. everyday profusion. He had already made contact with Algerian nationalists; so that when the revolution began, he was already integrated in the revolutionary movement. women's laughter, whining children. ( Log Out / Took off her shoes. Very early on the previous day, by the light of It’s early in the morning in Fanon’s office, a totally empty room. And he...', She him gently when he'd protest or try to refuse, his heart fearful. Djebar on the telephone, Josie sighed: "Oh Frantz, the wretched of the earth again. Otherwise, we find ourselves in dead-end situations that are impossible to resolve — the sort that we can never put to rest. Marie-Josèphe Dublé dite "Josie", femme Blanche née française, était l'épouse de l'homme Noir (né en Martinique) Frantz Fanon. would recall the past; then become silent. But in June 1967, whenIsraeldeclared war on the Arab countries, there was a great pro-Zionist movement in favor ofIsraelamong western (French) intellectuals. Republic' in Ghana and Guinea. the Algerian Revolution!'. He had fought for its independence and becauseAlgeria was a country very dear to him. Otherwise, where is the revolution? She would linger, I feel I Admitted to Bethesda Naval Hospital, he died on December 6th. They first sent him toMoscow for treatment, but the disease worsened; and the APG, with the Tunisian government’s assistance, asked the Americans for help. Born inMartiniquein 1925, Fanon was a product of the French colonial system. Why? The answer is simple: there exists a fundamental fraternity between all colonized people and between people colonized by the same foreign power. letters of her son, her friends. Josie Fanon, born Marie-Josèphe "Josie" Dublé (c.1930-13 July 1989), was the wife of Frantz Fanon (1925-1961), a political activist, and a journalist. She Africans in that part of the continent will have to wage a very prolonged and protracted armed struggle. spent a summer's month together in a village by the sea, half an hour from (92). We are not going to limit each other to race! The We went toTunisia, where the Front for National Liberation maintained its external branch and where they later created the Algerian Revolution’s Provisional Government. hear Josie letting herself be wrapped in these sounds of Algerian life, by this Democrats--friends of the Algerian struggle--will be there watching over him. In one or two seconds, glanced Josie Fanon discusses her career as a journalist in Algeria, and the life and work of her husband, the writer, revolutionary, psychiatrist, and postcolonial theorist Frantz Fanon, who died of leukemia in 1961. cf: In the context of recent African history, how would you judge Fanon’s work since his death? Stayed As a black man, a militant, and an anti-imperialist revolutionary fighter, he was not comfortable going to theUnited States. Josie Fanon committed suicide at El Biar, Algiers, ten years later. A revolutionary political thinker, he became a spokesman for the Algerian revolution against French colonialism. todl me, one evening, about Josie's last weeks and days. (Seven Stories, 2003). Derrière la négritude, Césaire cherchait à rester sous la domination française, alors que Fanon cherchait à libérer ceux qui étaien t sous to utes dominations. Frantz was born on July 20 1925, in Fort-de-France, 97200, Martinique, Martinique, FRANCE. daughter then returned to Paris. Mireille Fanon, the eldest daughter of Frantz Fanon and Michèle Weyer was born in 1948 in France. possible: he agrees to go for treatment to the United States. She read; even The come. remained silent, then: 'He died alone, in New York, two months later. Admitted to Bethesda Naval Hospital, he died on December 6th. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. street. Even before his ambassadorship to Accra, Fanon had taken part in a number of African people’s conferences, including the first one held in 1958. and uncertainty in Tunis. cf: You were telling me when we passed through the campus gate, that your son, Olivier, had spent some time atHowardUniversity in 1961. dawn, Josie opened the window of her living room that looked out onto the He's been the representative of the 'Provisional Government of the Algerian But really, he had no choice. understand: that you couldn't send him such a long way to be treated alone, My See, for instance, Christian Filostrat’s 1978 interview with Fanon’s widow, Josie Fanon, on the occasion of her second visit to the U.S., in Filostrat, Negritude Agonistes, Assimilation against Nationalism in the French-Speaking Caribbean and Guyane (Cherry Hill, N.J., 2008), 155–161, here 156. Since 1977, I have worked for a Pan-African magazine, Demain L’afrique (Tomorrow Africa) published monthly inParis. They quickly decide that Fanon should get the best care Reading Frantz Fanon in Grahamstown, South Africa. On the condition, she told the doctor, brazen humor? She ( Log Out / "12 The legacy of Fanon leaves us with ques tions; his virtual, verbal presence among us only provokes more questions. cf: Some critics say there is a fundamental contradiction between Fanon’s works, what he stood for, and the fact that he married a white French woman. Frantz Omar Fanon, né le 20 juillet 1925 à Fort-de-France et mort le 6 décembre 1961 à Bethesda (Washington DC, USA), est un psychiatre et essayiste français martiniquais et algérien. We were both students. He admired Césaire and Damas greatly. During that time, he was also a medical student, specializing in psychiatry. A Friday. Black Skin White Mask is a Négritude testimonial in which Fanon acknowledges blackness albeit from the point of view of his French colonial upbringing and Césaire’s adaptation concerning the place of peoples of African descent in the French empire. In Oppressed and colonized people cannot free themselves other than through armed struggle. J.Fanon: I have been for sometime a professional journalist. I believe that he would put all his energy in the service of his country (Martinique) and theCaribbean region in general. Il est l’un des fondateurs du courant de pensée tiers-mondiste. J.Fanon: I came back this year because of an invitation from the United Nations Special Committee Against Apartheid, which is organizing throughout the year a series of homage and commemorations to black revolutionaries, notably Paul Roberson, Nelson Mandela of the A.N.C., President Nkrumah, etc. The Algerian revolution was not alien to Fanon. cars. of her fifth-story window. However, you should note that he did not come here of his own accord. In the first stage of Frantz’s life, while still very young, he joined the Free French Forces during the Second World War. He's been the representative of the 'Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic' in Ghana and Guinea. that Josie Fanon, my elder, cannot show me the way with her laughter and her cf: Do you know what were Fanon’s plans after the publication of The Wretched of the Earth ? I think he would be more concerned today, because underneath their departmental status, Martinique,Guadeloupe and Guyane are just French colonies with another name. Was there at the funeral. Frantz Fanon was a psychiatrist, originally from Martinique. Fanon was born in 1925, to a middle-class family in the French colony of Martinique. In his works, he states clearly that it is through a revolutionary process that we can understand and resolve racial problems. I worked from 1962 — the year of Algeria’s independence — until last year [1977] for the Algerian press. Les six enfants de la famille font des études secondaires, Frantz aura comme professeur au lycée, Aimé Césaire. Was silent for a long time. She was of Corsican and Gypsy descent, a native of Lyon, France, and daughter of left-wing trade unionists. Mireille est devenue professeur de droit international et de résolution des conflits et est présidente de la Fondation Frantz Fanon. During that time, we enrolled our small son atHowardUniversity’s kindergarten. Josie He never stopped thinking ofMartinique. Bethesda Hospital, three hours by train from New York: its center for the Today, we speak of a Fanon legacy. gentleness in Josie's large eyes, her voice so near. And several days to put all her things in order: photographs, poems she was cf: You were in the U S previously in 1961. reassure himself as well. This pathology is common to the people of the French-speakingAntilles. It is in this context that the committee decided to pay tribute to Frantz and invited me. recently acquired, the same year, an international reputation with the In his life, two things interchanged constantly. Her husband’s comment: "This Fanon has a hell of a nerve. thirty-two years old, and mother of a young boy, hopes to be able to go with It was August 1988, we felt good: the rest of the day we would be perhaps two at the most,' he tells her, undoubtedly to reassure her, to June, she had made the trip to the Tunisian border to visit Frantz's grave. In my opinion, they have not completely understood his works. went home to El-Biar on Thursday evening. mother to her--as soon as my daughter heard the news in Paris (it was the voice Once Even if neo-colonialism is active in a country, it is preferable to colonialism and total dependence. No, she does not we would stay there, all morning long, contemplating In 1957, the French government expelled us fromAlgeria. phones her son in Paris to reassure him: yes, she will start therapy again with The Algerian Provisional Government (APG) had sent him here for medical care. While Josie Fanon has been left out of history books, this short homage does the necessary work of prodding and reminding Fanon experts to reckon with the extent to which revolution is continually framed as masculine, with women simply treated as temporary accessories to the larger project. "0 my body, make of me always a man who questions!" For example, critics can reproach a black American for marrying an Arab woman because her skin is lighter than his is and so on, and so on. my daughter--during the years she was a student in Algiers, Josie was a second Yes, he wants to hospitalize her for a week or two, no He was a psychiatrist and had never abandoned his research in that or other medical fields. The The army experience sharpened his awareness of the world where division and racism were the rule. next day and the following days, this time in the heart of Algiers, the army cf: What do you think of the English translations of Fanon’s works? Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Frantz Fanon est maintenant indésirable, il est expulsé hors d’Algérie, Il s’engage aux côtés du FLN, il rejoint la Tunisie et sillonne l’Afrique noire à son tour lancée sur la voie de l’indépendance, en tant qu’ambassadeur du gouvernement provisoire algérien. In fact, he was not in favor of this solution. That is where he felt the first onset of his C'est la rencontre avec Frantz Fanon à travers Josie Fanon, son épouse, qui était ma collègue à Révolution Africaine, un hebdomadaire algérien, et son fils Olivier. We can retrace Fanon’s itinerary. the sea. From his condition as an individual under French rule to his consciousness as a black man through his experience in a colonial society — up to a superior level and his adherence to the wider cause of the Algeria Revolution and still another level, the African Revolution in general. ], The Fact of Blackness in a Sea of Whiteness, Sylvia Wynter: No Humans Involved - An Open Letter to My Colleagues, Black Skin, White Masks: Exploring the Life & Work of Frantz Fanon, Frantz Fanon: Psychiatrist, Revolutionary, Philosopher & Author. six hundred young people were shot down. It is true that a life comes into existence before ano... "At He tyrannises you, and you accept it." Understand that he was fromMartinique; born in a French colony, he had assimilated all the cultural values ofFrance. Frantz Fanon naît en 1925 à Fort-de-France en Martinique d’un père inspecteur des douanes et d’une mère commerçante, tous deux descendants d’anciennes familles d’esclaves. Her son should put his mind at rest, she will do it. He would certainly have maintained his political activities. Alone!' The verdict seems worrying: lukemia has made its J.Fanon: I don’t think – and knowledgeable people have told me — that The Wretched of the Earth is perfect; there are some lacunae and translation errors. explain, over the phone, that they've been able to get him admitted to the Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, né Frantz Fanon le 20 juillet 1925 à Fort-de-France (Martinique) et mort le 6 décembre 1961 à Bethesda dans un hôpital militaire de la banlieue de Washington aux États-Unis1, est un psychiatre et essayiste français fortement impliqué dans la lutte pour l'indépendance de l'Algérie et dans un combat international dressant une solidarité entre « frères » opprimés. more, O Frantz, the 'wretched of the earth!'" In 1944, he joined the free French forces to help protect “trueFrance” against the racist French sailors stationed in Martinique during the war — those “sailors who had forced [him] to defend and thus discover [his] color.”. Let us say that from a western point of view, it is a good preface. I also worked with the Algerian Front for National Liberation in the information section. wash the veranda floor. In a certain phase of the struggle, such a position can have for a time a positive and beneficially unifying effect. Many wonder why Fanon went toAlgeriaor what relationship could there have been between a man fromMartiniqueandAlgeria. The conflicts of the past few years inZimbabwe,South Africa andNamibia demonstrate that fact. And that is as it should be. During the conference, he made contacts with other African leaders of that period notably Patrice Lumumba, Felix Moumié of the Cameroonand President Kwame Nkrumah. She ( Log Out / Similarly, Josie Fanon, whom he married in 1952, remains as enigmatic as ever, despite her vital role in transcribing his work while he was alive and promoting his work after he died. There is nothing surprising here. that if I were looking after him.... Clearly they saw him as a man of iron, Even today, these colonies are the territories where French colonialism has been the most over-emphasized, most perfidious, and most noxious. by Camalita Naicker The Fact of Blackness , the fifth chapter of Frantz Fanon’s Black Skins, White Masks, is not an answer or an explanat... No Humans Involved an Open Letter to My Colleagues by SYLVIA WYNTER by TigersEye99. Ils se marièrent en 1953, après la sortie de Peau noire, masques blancs, qu'elle écrivit sous sa dictée.Josie Fanon se suicidera à Alger le … Fanon refused to marry Michelle, and by 1949 had become involved with his future wife, Josie. It is decided that she will take notes by hand at the hospital from 7 to 9am, and then type it out at home in the evening. At last glance at the Marie-Josephe Duble, called 'Josie,' was born in 1931 in the Lyon region of France.The eighteen-year of Corsican-gypsy descent first met the 23 year-old Frantz Fanon in Lyon in 1949. illness. J.Fanon: When Fanon leftMartinique, conditions there were not as clearly defined as they are today. cf: what are the reasons for your visit to theUnited States this year? of the author of Deserteur on the pone with me one morning) she took the plane. This blog contains resources directly related to Frantz Fanon's life and work, the secondary literature on Fanon and other resources useful for engaging Fanon's ideas here and now. Born Marie-Joseph Dublé in Lyon, France, she was 58 years old. Centre for Humanities Research (Cape Town), Johannesburg Workshop in Theory and Criticism, Makerere Institute of Social Research (Kampala), Unit for the Humanities at Rhodes University (Grahamstown). J.Fanon: From a personal point of view, I am a bit shaken to be back in theU.S. When exactly in 1961 were you here and what were your reasons fro that trip? How do you answer these critics? made sure the cleaning woman was even more meticulous. around the rooms in which everything was in its place. geraniums on the neighboring balcony. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. That’s the reason I live inParis now. cf: A great deal has been written about Fanon. J’ai toujours été séduit par ses positions et sa posture de révolté, ce qu’il disait de la paysannerie, de la négritude et de la lutte de libération. It was under these circumstances that he came to theU.S. Until the Algerian Revolution, Fanon adhered to the principles of Négritude espoused by Aimé Césaire, his lycée teacher. In his opinion — and this was later proved true — Négritude was but a stage in the dialectical process of the black man’s struggle for liberation. ), She feel alone: he should not be worried; there's no need whatsoever for him to National liberation is a first step; without it, very little can be done. indestructible! (174-176), (trans David Kelley and Marjolijn de Jager) In 1960, they appointed him the Provisional Government’s Ambassador toAccra. Sartre took part in this movement. cf: Going back to Fanon’s birthplace – the French speakingAntilles, what is the colonial situation there? am sure that it was then she made her decision: to join him.). There is still much more to be written. the fisherman setting out to sea in their boats. cf: When The Wretched of the Earth was published, Jean Paul Sartre prefaced it. Though just 27 at the time of its publication, the workdisplays incredible literacy in major intellectual trends of the time:psychoanalysis, existentialism, phenomenology, and dialectics, as wellas, most prominently, the early Négritude movement and U.S.based critical race work in figures like Richard Wright. Fanon's personal friends. J.Fanon: I came to theUnited States in November 1961 because my husband was hospitalized at theN.I.HBethesdaHospital. "Oh, Frantz, the wretched of the earth again," she had sighed on a telephone, speaking to her friend Assia Djebar . J.Fanon: That’s right, he was not a professional revolutionary. I felt that his pro-Zionist attitudes were incompatible with Fanon’s work. surrounded by our friends, our children. those who liked Frantz and admired him, it seemed to me that they would that they let her go home to her apartment on the weekend: be with her flowers, "At the beginning of autumn 1961 Frantz Fanon, a West Indian psychiatrist who has recently acquired, the same year, an international reputation with the publication of The Wretched of the Earth, returns to Tunis to see the G.P.R.A. Algerian delegation to the United Nations includes among its members some of J.Fanon: It was through my initiative that Sartre’s preface to The Wretched of the Earth was removed. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. swarmed the capital, and, confronted with peaceful demonstrations, opened fire: In She doesn't express her desire out loud to Frantz ('It'll be a month, JOSIE ET FRANTZ FANON, La grande humanité Je ne sais pas comment j’avais entendu parler pour la première fois de Fanon, cela remonte à loin, très loin. Some of what is here comes from, or relates to, a particular set of ongoing discussions around Fanon's work in Grahamstown. This is, in fact, what I have done. her back finally turned on her home and her life, Josie Fanon threw herself out Fanon worked within the F.N.L and the Provisional Government. We can draw a parallel between such personal problems and the concept of Négritude, which Fanon analyzed. He was 23; I was 18. cf: Speaking ofLyon, would you retrace for us the course of Fanon’s life? J.Fanon: It is my opinion, and I believe that it was also his — otherwise he would not have contracted nor remained in this interracial marriage — that there was no contradiction. was to admit to me, years later: 'Up to the end, I hoped: they, his friends, It is reported that when Fanon, at that point gravely ill, read Sartre’s piece he put it down without saying a word. However, it remains a limitation. balcony in El-Biar, adolescents in revolt were the first to set fire to police But UFrantz Fanon waziwa kakhulu njengomunye wezinculabuchopho zomzabalazo wenkululeko eAfrika. writing, Frantz's letters which she had compiled and arranged much earlier, one end of the rioting town to the other, not being able to meet, we would two or three days in Algiers; with Olivier, now an orphan, and a young In New York the That was the case of the Portuguese colonies and the case of what is now taking place inSouthAfrica. Whatever Sartre’s contribution may have been in the past, the fact that he did not understand the Palestinian problem reversed his past political positions. We met at a theatre. more she daydreamed, looking at the summer light from her bed. J.Fanon: I met him inLyon (in the southeast ofFrance). endlessly on the scenes that she'd observed or that people had told her about. With Fanon fumes: she does not type fast enough. Moreover, I do not believe that they can succeed without the solidarity of the black American people. first days of October 1988, Algiers reached a fevered pitch; under Josie's The result of this analysis is in Black Skin, White mask published in 1952. He was very ill — in fact, he was dying. was Fanon… The The field of his experience and action widened and resulted in the writing of The Wretched of the Earth. Fanon's relationship with Michelle began in Lyon, France where they were both students. The interview of Mme Josie Fanon took place on November 16, 1978 at Howard University’s African-American Center. J.Fanon: Indeed a number of Western intellectuals have written about Fanon. Change ). stiffened, then added, hardly bitter: 'I understood his point of view; he J.Fanon: When I met Frantz, he had been already inFrance about four years. The Mandé Charter of 1222 1.The hunters declare: Every human life is a life. Marie-Josèphe "Josie" FANON (born DUBLÉ) Marie-Josèphe FANON (born DUBLÉ) Marie-Josèphe FANON (born DUBLÉ) married Frantz Omar FANON in 1952. He was also interested in news dissemination. because it is where my husband died. [Originally published in French in 1995. ( Log Out / 'She For him, Césaire, Damas, and others like them were very important in his intellectual evolution as regard to the consciousness of his own négritude. thought that all the expenses he was incurring were already quite enough for Fanon’s wife, Josie, came to the United States and visited the author at HowardUniversity. His experience and a keen, sensitive mind made him one of the most lucid observers of the realities inherent to colonialism. A year before her death, Josie had witnessed from her balcony riots and shootings of civilians in the street below. If you have kept up with what has been written, what is your reaction? rested in the hospital for six days. cf: Can you say a few words about Fanon’s relationship with the Négritude poets, Aimé Césaire and Leon Damas? J.Fanon: Fanon had been Césaire’s student inMartinique. he was a child. Josie, We When Frantz Fanon was in late stages of leukemia at age 36, he was flown to a hospital in Bethesda, Maryland in the United States, for surgery. Josie Fanon, his wife, committed suicide in Algiers in 1989. He was 36 years old. He signed petitions favoringIsrael. Josie Fanon, his wife, committed suicide in Algiers in 1989. However, when he went to Franceand confronted French society’s racism, he began to understand and he analyzed his personal and his countrymen’s experiences. the family psychologist. At the time, they believed that the best medical facilities were in theUnited States. "Oh, Frantz, the wretched of the earth again," she had sighed on a telephone, speaking to her friend Assia Djebar . J.Fanon: My son was a toddler at the time and because I had to take care of my husband — I was here more than a month — I visited Frantz everyday and spent many nights at the hospital with him. I think, however, that it is inAfrica and here in theUS in the African-American community that valid works about Fanon will be carried out. Without independence, nation building cannot begin. His uncompromising efforts on behalf of the Algerian Revolution shortened his life, while giving him unparalleled insight into and appreciation for national liberations and struggles found in his writing. In 1952, Fanon published his first major work Black Skin, WhiteMasks. She She brought books, music. I am also interested in observing the black civil rights movements in theUS, examine the new perspectives and discuss what the hopes are. the sound of the neighbors, the concern of Karim and his mother. A year before her death, Josie had witnessed from her balcony riots and shootings of civilians in the street below. However, I cannot say with certainty where. Josie He was 36 years old. she repeated harshly. presence known. To pretend that blacks can achieve majority rule there through a negotiated solution is an illusion and a trick. Sartre understood the subject matter in The Wretched of the Earth. Fanon also developed some important insights into the ideological aspects of racialism and Black consciousness. Frantz Fanon n'était pas un chantre de la négritude. her fall, Josie hurt no one: only she exploded." more. "Josie Tunis, she returned to every place they had lived. 13th of July, 1989; El-Biar, above Algiers. His wife, Josie, was to tell me at length about those days of waiting Algiers. His book The Wretched of the Earth (1961) is seen as the "bible of Third Worldism." The interview is published in Negritude Agonistes. Hardly spoke. I would work each night, as I heard American In general, the English text does not reproduce the breadth, the dynamism, or the flow of the original French. He always practiced medicine even while involved in politics and writing. How can there be a negotiated solution for majority rule there? She would get up early; she would pour out can after can of water to How will I ever learn to grow old, now Mireille Fanon-Mendès-France est une militante française, née à Cahors le 24 novembre 1953 [1], présidente de la Fondation Frantz Fanon internationale.Elle a écrit de nombreux articles sur les droits humains et le droit international et humanitaire, sur le processus de radicalisation et de discriminations [2], sur la colonialité du pouvoir, des savoirs et de l'Être. From This was in 1953, one year before the start of the Algerian revolutionary armed struggle. He left Martinique in 1943, when he volunteered to fight with the Free French in World War II, and he remained in France after the war to study medicine and psychiatry on scholarship in Lyon. And C’est l’espoir d’une Afrique unie le panafricanisme. Fanon was survived by his French wife Josie (née Dublé), their son Olivier, and his daughter (from a previous relationship) Mireille. was smiling at us when she left,' a nurse recalled, unable to forget the In In fact, everything he wrote he based on his personal experiences not on abstract theories. adolescent boy, Karim, the neighbor's son, whom Josie had taken care of since (I The other important factor was his scientific interests. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. treatment of leukemia has the highest success rate in the country. No doubt, he would have stayed inAlgeria — at least for a while. gave her young neighbor, Karim, various presents, 'to remember me by' she told One year earlier, while representing the provisional government inGhana, doctors diagnosed him with leukemia. would stay, the window open as if above a well, to catch the rising noises, In this short interview, she gives a glimpse into the life and views of her husband, author of The Wretched of the Earth. And then finally and her big gypsy eyes.... And above all her voice, that happy contralto. Nevertheless, he had already understood that, politically, Césaire could have done much more for the independence ofMartinique.Independence is the sine qua non of political freedom. Born inMartiniquein 1925, Fanon… At the completion of his studies, he wanted to go back to theAntillesor toAfricato look for work. This meant that for a time, he identified with France. She He was twenty-five at the time. cf: how do you feel about this second trip to theUnited States? publication of The Wretched of the Earth, returns to Tunis to see the G.P.R.A. For administrative reasons, he was unable to get a position in Martinique,Guadeloupe, orSenegal; so he pickedAlgeria, which was still inAfrica. speak on the phone: I still hear today Josie's enraged voice commenting Concernant Frantz Fanon comme chantre de la négritude, c'est faux, archi-faux et diffamatoire.
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